Engineering Fluid Mechanics

Contents1Introduction..............................................11.1Background.........................................11.1.1DefinitionofFluidMechanics......................11.1.2TrendsinFluidMechanics........................21.1.3ResearchMethodsofFluidMechanics...............21.2ContinuumModelofFluid.............
.................31.2.1FluidParticles..................................31.2.2ContinuumModelofFluid........................31.3MainPropertiesofFluid................................31.3.1DensityandSpecificWeight.......................31.3.2Viscosity......................................41.3.3CompressibilityandExpansibility
...................131.3.4SurfaceTension.................................151.4Problems............................................18References................................................202FluidStatics..............................................212.1ForcesonaFluid...................
..................212.1.1MassForce....................................212.1.2SurfaceForce...................................222.2EquilibriumEquationandItsIntegral......................222.2.1EulerianEquilibriumEquation......................222.2.2IntegralofEquilibriumEquation....................232.2.3IsobaricSurface.......
..........................252.3BasicEquationforFluidStatics..........................262.3.1PressureDistributioninaStaticLiquid...............262.3.2PressureCalculationinaStaticLiquid...............272.3.3AbsolutePressure,RelativePressure,andVacuumDegree........................................282.3.4PhysicalMeaningofBasicEquationforFluidStatics..
..302.4PressureMeasurement.................................312.4.1UnitsofPressure................................312.4.2PressureMeasuringInstruments.....................322.5ForcesExertingonaPlatebyStaticFluid..................362.5.1ResultantForce.................................362.5.2TheActionLocationofResultantForce.........
.....382.6Problems............................................41References................................................473FluidDynamics...........................................493.1ApproachesDescribingtheMotionofFluids................493.1.1LagrangianApproach............................493.1.2Eulerian
Approach...............................503.2ClassificationandBasicConceptsofFluidFlow.............523.2.1ClassificationofFluidFlow........................523.2.2BasicConceptsofFluidFlow......................533.2.3CrossSection,Velocity,andFlowRate..............563.3ContinuityEquationofFluidMotion......................573.3.1TheContinuityEquationin
RectangularCoordinateSystem...............................573.3.2ContinuityEquationsforElementaryFlowBeamandTotalFlow............................593.4DifferentialEquationsofMotionforInviscidFluid...........623.5Bernoulli'sIntegralofMotionDifferentialEquationsforInviscidFluid.....................................643.6DifferentialEquationsofMotionandBernoulliEquation
forViscousFluid.....................................673.6.1DifferentialEquationofMotionforViscousFluid......673.6.2BernoulliEquationforViscousFluidMotion..........683.6.3EnergyConsiderationsAboutBernoulliEquation.......693.7BernoulliEquationforViscousFluidFlowinPipesandDucts...713.7.1RapidlyVariedFlowandGraduallyVariedFlow.......723.7.2BernoulliEquationinPipeorDuct...............
...733.7.3OtherFormsofBernoulliEquation..................743.7.4ApplicationExamplesofBernoulliEquation...........763.8InstrumentsforVelocityandFlowRateMeasurement.........793.8.1PitotTube.....................................793.8.2VenturiTube...................................803.9MomentumEquationforSteadyFlowandItsApplication......823.9.1MomentumEquation
forSteadyFlow................833.9.2ApplicationofMomentumEquation.................843.10Problems............................................89References................................................994HeadLossofIncompressibleViscousFlow.....................1014.1TypesofHeadLoss...............................
....1014.1.1TheHydraulicDiameter..........................1014.1.2FrictionLossandMinorHeadLoss.................1024.2TwoRegimesofViscousFlow...........................1024.2.1ReynoldsExperiment.............................1024.2.2CriteriaforFlowRegime..........................1034.3LaminarFlowinCircularPipe.....................
......1064.3.1TwoMethodsforLaminarFlowAnalysis.............1064.3.2VelocityProfileandShearStressDistributionofLaminarFlowinPipes...........................1084.3.3FlowRateandAverageVelocityofLaminarFlowinPipes..................................1094.3.4FrictionHeadLossinLaminarFlow.................1104.3.5TheEntranceRegion............................
.1114.4TurbulentFlowinCircularPipe..........................1134.4.1ParametersDescriptioninTurbulentFlow.............1134.4.2MixingLengthTheory...........................1154.4.3VelocityDistributionofTurbulentFlowinPipes.......1164.4.4HeadLossofTurbulentPipeFlow..................1184.5DeterminationofFrictionFactorinCircularPipe.............1194.5.1CalculationEquation
.............................1194.5.2NikuradseTests.................................1194.5.3MoodyChart...................................1214.6CalculationofFrictionalLossinNoncircularDuct............1244.6.1UsingDarcy–WeisbachEquation....................1244.6.2UsingChezyEquation............................1244.7TheoreticalFoundation
ofBoundaryLayer..................1254.7.1BasicConceptofBoundaryLayer...................1254.7.2ThicknessofFlatPlateBoundaryLayer..............1264.7.3BoundaryLayerSeparation........................1274.8MinorHeadLossinPipeline............................1284.8.1MinorHeadLossofSuddenExpansion..............1284.8.2OtherTypesofMinorLoss.........
...............1294.8.3AggregationofHeadLoss.........................1334.9Problems............................................136References................................................1435PipeNetworkandOrifice,NozzleFlow........................1455.1FlowinSinglePipe................................
...1455.1.1HydraulicCalculationinaShortPipe................1465.1.2HydraulicCalculationinaLongPipe................1475.2FlowinMultiplePipes.................................1495.2.1SeriesFlow....................................1505.2.2ParallelFlow...................................1515.2.3UniformlyVariableMassOutflow...........
........1525.2.4PipeNetworkGeometry..........................1545.3OrificeFlow.........................................1545.3.1SteadyDischargeThroughThin-PlateOrifice..........1555.3.2DischargeThroughBigOrifice.....................1585.3.3UnsteadyDischargeThroughOrifice.................1595.4NozzleFlow............................
.............1605.4.1SteadyDischargeThroughCylindricalOuterNozzle.....1605.4.2VacuumDegreeofNozzle........................1625.4.3OtherTypesofNozzleDischarge...................1645.5Problems............................................164References................................................1696FundamentalsofFluidMechanicsThrough
PorousMedia........1716.1SeveralConcepts.....................................1716.1.1PorousMedia..................................1726.1.2Porosity.......................................1726.1.3CompressibilityofPorousMedia....................1736.2Darcy'sLaw.........................................1736.2.1Description
ofDarcy'sLawandPermeability..........1746.2.2DeductionfromNavier–StokesEquation..............1766.2.3ApplicationScopeofDarcy'sLaw..................1776.2.4DeterminationofPermeabilityorHydraulicConductivity...................................1776.3MathematicalModelofLiquidPorousFlow................1796.3.1MathematicalModelofFluidFlowThroughPorousMedia..............
....................1806.3.2BasicDifferentialEquation........................1856.4SolutionforPlanarOne-DirectionalFlow...................1876.5SolutionforPlanarRadialFlow..........................1906.6Problems............................................194References.............................................
...1977FluidMachinery..........................................1997.1CentrifugalPump.....................................1997.1.1TheoreticalConsiderations.........................2007.1.2PumpPerformanceCharacteristics...................2037.1.3NetPositiveSuctionHead.........................2047.1.4SystemCharacteristicsandPumpSelection.
...........2057.2CentrifugalFan.......................................2067.2.1FanPerformanceCharacteristics....................2077.2.2FanSelectionandInstallation......................2077.3Problems............................................208References................................................2088Similitude
andDimensionalAnalysis..........................2098.1Similitude...........................................2098.1.1BasicConceptsofMechanicsSimilitude..............2098.1.2SimilarityCriterion..............................2128.1.3IncompleteSimilarityApproximateSimilitude..........2158.2DimensionalAnalysisandItsApplication..................219
8.2.1BuckinghamPiTheorem..........................2198.2.2ApplicationsofDimensionalAnalysis................2208.3Problems............................................222References................................................2269CO2StorageinSalineAquiferwithVerticalHeterogeneity........2279.1DescriptionofCO2Storage.............
................2279.2MathematicsModelforCO2StorageinSalineAquifer........2289.2.1ContinuityEquationsofTwo-PhaseFlow.............2289.2.2MomentumEquationsofTwo-PhaseFlow............2299.2.3StateEquations.................................2309.2.4GoverningEquation..............................2319.3AnalyticalSolution..........................
..........2329.3.1TheFrontSaturationandtheAverageSaturation.......2329.3.2Two-PhaseDisplacementInterfaceMovement..........2339.3.3InjectionPressure...............................2339.3.4PercolatingResistance............................2349.3.5CO2FlowRateofEachLayer......................2359.3.6HeterogeneityCoefficient..........................236
9.3.7SweepEfficiency................................2369.3.8CalculationProcesses.............................2379.4EvaluationandAnalysisofStorageEffect..................2389.4.1SchemeandParameterSelection....................2389.4.2InfluentialFactorsofPercolatingResistance...........2409.4.3InfluentialFactorsofSweepEfficiency...............245References.
...............................................251Appendix...................................................253