拍攝者用攝像機(jī)講故事（第3版）

第一章　拍攝者的視角 .......................................................................... 1 1.1　觀點(diǎn) ...........................................................................................................2 1.2　不再追逐彩虹 ............................................................................................3 1.3　學(xué)會(huì)身兼數(shù)職 ............................................................................................4 1.4　掌握專(zhuān)業(yè)技能 ............................................................................................6 1.5　新觀念 .......................................................................................................8 1.6　現(xiàn)在人人都是拍攝者 ..................................................................................8 1.7　雇用你的客戶(hù) ............................................................................................9 1.8　你已經(jīng)擁有足夠的能力 ............................................................................10 第二章　讓我給你講個(gè)故事 .................................................................. 11 2.1　如何才能把故事講好？ ............................................................................13 2.2　清楚自己影片的類(lèi)型并確保觀眾們也知道 ...............................................13 2.3　你的海報(bào)什么樣？ ...................................................................................15 2.4　了解自己的海報(bào)簡(jiǎn)述文字 ........................................................................16 2.5　積極面對(duì)條件限制 ...................................................................................17 2.6　電影成功的原因各異 ................................................................................18 2.7　你的相對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì) ..........................................................................................18 2.8　限制你的取景 ..........................................................................................19 2.9　了解自己攝影機(jī)的動(dòng)態(tài)范圍 .....................................................................20 2.10　在魔幻時(shí)刻拍攝 .....................................................................................21 2.11　真實(shí)性很重要 ........................................................................................21 2.12　故事永不停歇 ........................................................................................22 2.13　職業(yè)道德很重要 .....................................................................................23 第三章　用鏡頭講故事 ....................................................................... 25 3.1　現(xiàn)在對(duì)作品的要求仍然很高 .....................................................................25 3.2　給世界加個(gè)框 ..........................................................................................26 3.3　排除，排除，排除！ ................................................................................27 3.4　讓觀眾們受點(diǎn)兒苦 ...................................................................................28 3.5　獨(dú)特的視角 ..............................................................................................32 3.6　模糊、隱藏和遮擋 ...................................................................................33 3.7　關(guān)于透視 ..................................................................................................34 3.8　箱式梁橋 ..................................................................................................36 3.9　三分法 .....................................................................................................37 3.10　黃金畫(huà)幅比 ............................................................................................39 3.11　引起不適 ................................................................................................39 3.12　拍攝的地方是什么類(lèi)型？ ......................................................................40 3.13　擁抱經(jīng)典理論 ........................................................................................41 3.14　手藝很重要 ............................................................................................43 3.15　用特寫(xiě)講故事 ........................................................................................44 3.16　迂回出擊 ................................................................................................46 3.17　保持拍攝尺寸一致性 ..............................................................................46 3.18　視線的力量 ............................................................................................47 3.19　拍攝不完美的對(duì)象 .................................................................................48 3.20　故事里的故事 ........................................................................................49 3.21　學(xué)會(huì)用背景講故事 .................................................................................50 3.22　我們都是說(shuō)謊的騙子 ..............................................................................51 3.23　弄清楚自己想要什么 ..............................................................................52 3.24　與極端自我的人一起工作 ......................................................................54 第四章　攝影師的工具箱 .................................................................... 57 4.1　你有很多選擇 ..........................................................................................57 4.2　攝像機(jī)的變革 ..........................................................................................58 4.3　掃描方式的選擇 .......................................................................................61 4.4　2K、4K，以及更高的分辨率 ....................................................................63 4.5　努力突破技術(shù)局限 ...................................................................................64 4.6　了解你需要的知識(shí) ...................................................................................65 4.7　技術(shù)問(wèn)題當(dāng)然重要 ...................................................................................66 4.8　世界的本質(zhì) ..............................................................................................66 4.9　腦中的處理器 ..........................................................................................67 4.10　讓我們體驗(yàn)一下模擬 ..............................................................................67 4.11　改善數(shù)字記錄的質(zhì)量 ..............................................................................68 4.12　一些小知識(shí) ............................................................................................69 4.13　10-bit 工作流程 ....................................................................................71 4.14　你的攝影機(jī)符合“10 分鐘法則”嗎？ ...................................................75 4.15　了解傳感器 ............................................................................................77 4.16　在某種程度上，傳感器尺寸很重要 ........................................................78 4.17　分辨率的詭計(jì) ........................................................................................79 4.18　人類(lèi)感知分辨率的極限 ..........................................................................81 4.19　這種數(shù)字游戲接近尾聲了嗎？ ...............................................................81 4.20　網(wǎng)格里的像素 ........................................................................................82 4.21　三片式傳感器VS 單片式傳感器 .............................................................83 4.22　為什么要壓縮？ .....................................................................................84 4.23　出于實(shí)際考慮 ........................................................................................85 4.24　冗余，冗余 ............................................................................................86 4.25　你不會(huì)錯(cuò)過(guò)那些你看不見(jiàn)的東西 ............................................................87 4.26　幀間壓縮與幀內(nèi)壓縮 ..............................................................................88 4.27　選擇幀速率 ............................................................................................90 4.28　為什么幀頻有些不靠譜—是24p 但又不是24p ..................................91 4.29　24p 的種種好處 .....................................................................................93 4.30　現(xiàn)在你能拍攝24p 了 .............................................................................93 4.31　如果你依然喜歡SD 標(biāo)清 .......................................................................95 4.32　注意了，落伍者們！ ..............................................................................95 4.33　曾幾何時(shí) ................................................................................................96 第五章　用數(shù)碼單反DSLR 講故事 ...................................................... 99 5.1　性能的問(wèn)題 ..............................................................................................99 5.2　它并不是攝像機(jī) .....................................................................................100 5.3　不只是低光照能力 .................................................................................100 5.4　負(fù)荷削減 ................................................................................................101 5.5　參數(shù)設(shè)置 ................................................................................................103 5.6　果凍效應(yīng) ................................................................................................104 5.7　淺景深：是好事還是壞事？ ...................................................................105 5.8　操控方面的挑戰(zhàn) .....................................................................................106 5.9　監(jiān)看與回放 ............................................................................................107 5.10　聲音功能不健全 ...................................................................................108 5.11　開(kāi)始工作 ..............................................................................................110 第六章　觀察世界的窗口 ................................................................... 113 6.1　控制畫(huà)面空間 ........................................................................................114 6.2　是否需要討好拍攝對(duì)象 ..........................................................................115 6.3　把創(chuàng)作工具用到極致 ..............................................................................115 6.4　推拉變焦拍攝 ........................................................................................117 6.5　警惕可疑的標(biāo)稱(chēng)值 .................................................................................118 6.6　光學(xué)變焦VS 數(shù)碼變焦 ...........................................................................120 6.7　更廣、更遠(yuǎn) ............................................................................................121 6.8　低檔鏡頭的現(xiàn)狀 .....................................................................................122 6.9　為何廉價(jià)的鏡頭看起來(lái)檔次低？ ............................................................124 6.10　對(duì)小光孔說(shuō)不 ......................................................................................125 6.11　為什么一體式攝像機(jī)通常能拍出更好的畫(huà)面 ........................................125 6.12　色像差補(bǔ)償 ..........................................................................................126 6.13　試著和你的普通鏡頭和平相處 .............................................................126 6.14　找到鏡頭的最佳性能區(qū)間 ....................................................................127 6.15　不靠譜的對(duì)焦環(huán)和變焦環(huán) ....................................................................129 6.16　電影鏡頭 ..............................................................................................129 6.17　誘惑力和糾結(jié)的根源 ............................................................................130 6.18　過(guò)大的景深 ..........................................................................................130 6.19　鏡頭適配器 ..........................................................................................132 第七章　立體拍攝者 ......................................................................... 133 7.1　3D 立體的本質(zhì) .......................................................................................133 7.2　立體是一種技術(shù)障眼法 ..........................................................................135 7.3　深度線索 ................................................................................................136 7.4　平面視覺(jué)深度線索 .................................................................................137 7.5　立體視覺(jué)深度線索 .................................................................................139 7.6　軸距VS 瞳距 .........................................................................................141 7.7　匯聚面應(yīng)該設(shè)置在哪兒？ ......................................................................143 7.8　立體攝像機(jī)設(shè)置 .....................................................................................145 7.9　避免“耐藥性”問(wèn)題 ..............................................................................146 7.10　屏幕尺寸至關(guān)重要 ...............................................................................148 7.11　正確獲得視差 ......................................................................................149 7.12　窗口干涉 ..............................................................................................150 7.13　關(guān)于立體故事的思考 ............................................................................150 7.14　圓度因素 ..............................................................................................151 7.15　拋棄極端的2D 拍攝方式 .....................................................................152 7.16　裸眼立體是大勢(shì)所趨 ............................................................................154 7.17　立體就此止步了嗎？ ............................................................................155 7.18　立體的后期制作與輸出 ........................................................................156 7.19　立體再次來(lái)襲！ ...................................................................................158 7.20　2D 轉(zhuǎn)3D .............................................................................................159 7.21　制片工藝的進(jìn)化 ...................................................................................159 7.22　展現(xiàn)未曾見(jiàn)過(guò)的世界 ............................................................................160 第八章　掌握與控制 ......................................................................... 161 8.1　誰(shuí)會(huì)需要全自動(dòng)？ .................................................................................162 8.2　打倒自動(dòng)曝光 ........................................................................................162 8.3　“中國(guó)姑娘” ........................................................................................165 8.4　駕馭波形圖 ............................................................................................166 8.5　考慮快門(mén)問(wèn)題 ........................................................................................167 8.6　同步快門(mén) ................................................................................................168 8.7　幀速率與故事的關(guān)系 ..............................................................................169 8.8　聚焦在重要的對(duì)象上 ..............................................................................170 8.9　這些人并不是演員 .................................................................................170 8.10　分辨率越高對(duì)焦越難！ ........................................................................171 8.11　跟焦 .....................................................................................................173 8.12　故事的白平衡 ......................................................................................174 8.13　到底用不用預(yù)置白平衡 ........................................................................174 8.14　設(shè)置手動(dòng)白平衡 ...................................................................................176 8.15　不可理喻的自動(dòng)白平衡 ........................................................................177 8.16　自動(dòng)黑平衡 ..........................................................................................178 8.17　沒(méi)有增益，就沒(méi)有痛苦 ........................................................................179 8.18　控制好噪點(diǎn) ..........................................................................................180 8.19　時(shí)碼的沼澤地 ......................................................................................181 8.20　串行數(shù)字接口與高清晰度多媒體接口 ..................................................183 8.21　互連性與視頻流 ...................................................................................184 8.22　監(jiān)看你的工作 ......................................................................................185 8.23　更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的續(xù)航 ...................................................................................186 8.24　駕馭雜亂的取景器 ...............................................................................188 8.25　逐格攝影與延時(shí)攝影 ............................................................................189 8.26　神奇的預(yù)錄制功能 ...............................................................................190 8.27　循環(huán)錄制功能 ......................................................................................191 8.28　在極端環(huán)境下進(jìn)行拍攝 ........................................................................191 8.29　拍攝狂熱的生命和野生動(dòng)物 .................................................................193 第九章　調(diào)整拍攝的圖像 ................................................................... 195 9.1　開(kāi)始創(chuàng)建自己的畫(huà)面風(fēng)格 ......................................................................196 9.2　主消隱電平: 定義黑色 ...........................................................................197 9.3　標(biāo)清的遺產(chǎn) ............................................................................................198 9.4　了解你攝像機(jī)的動(dòng)態(tài)范圍 ......................................................................198 9.5　設(shè)置伽馬值 ............................................................................................199 9.6　留意高光部分 ........................................................................................200 9.7　自動(dòng)拐點(diǎn) ................................................................................................200 9.8　控制色度 ................................................................................................201 9.9　色彩矩陣 ................................................................................................202 9.10　使用濾鏡 ..............................................................................................203 9.11　物理濾鏡 ..............................................................................................203 9.12　最后再考慮使用濾鏡 ............................................................................204 9.13　為任務(wù)量身打造 ...................................................................................205 9.14　中密度濾鏡（ND） ..............................................................................205 9.15　偏光濾鏡 ..............................................................................................206 9.16　天空的控制 ..........................................................................................207 9.17　高對(duì)比度的困惑 ...................................................................................208 9.18　柔光濾鏡 ..............................................................................................209 9.19　CHRISTIAN DIOR 來(lái)幫忙 ....................................................................212 9.20　遮光斗 .................................................................................................212 9.21　如何疊加濾鏡 ......................................................................................214 9.22　暖色濾鏡 ..............................................................................................215 9.23　霧化濾鏡 ..............................................................................................215 9.24　后期制作 ..............................................................................................215 9.25　根據(jù)需要選擇后期插件 ........................................................................216 9.26　顏色校正 ..............................................................................................217 9.27　拍攝者要對(duì)自己負(fù)責(zé)！ ........................................................................219 第十章　照亮你的故事 ...................................................................... 221 10.1　由小見(jiàn)大 ..............................................................................................222 10.2　拍攝者必須能獨(dú)當(dāng)一面 ........................................................................224 10.3　LED 照明時(shí)代已經(jīng)來(lái)臨 ........................................................................225 10.4　HMI 照明：昂貴但物有所值 ................................................................227 10.5　熒光燈和綠光瘟疫 ...............................................................................228 10.6　大范圍柔光 ..........................................................................................230 10.7　使用軟光是關(guān)鍵 ...................................................................................230 10.8　選擇軟光 ..............................................................................................231 10.9　控制溢光 ..............................................................................................232 10.10　柔光的藝術(shù) ........................................................................................232 10.11　色紙 ...................................................................................................233 10.12　標(biāo)準(zhǔn)布光 ............................................................................................234 10.13　正面和中間照明 .................................................................................235 10.14　用好輔助光 ........................................................................................235 10.15　機(jī)載照明燈 ........................................................................................236 10.16　分層照明 ............................................................................................237 10.17　給綠屏照明 ........................................................................................237 10.18　綠屏為什么是綠色？ ..........................................................................238 10.19　綠屏的替代品 ....................................................................................240 10.20　照明控制 ............................................................................................240 10.21　鏤板 ...................................................................................................241 10.22　束光筒 ...............................................................................................242 10.23　固定工具 ............................................................................................243 10.24　膠帶 ...................................................................................................243 10.25　百寶囊 ...............................................................................................244 10.26　照明= 手藝+ 創(chuàng)意 ............................................................................245 第十一章　支撐起你的故事 ............................................................... 249 11.1　云臺(tái) .....................................................................................................250 11.2　三腳架 .................................................................................................253 11.3　其他攝像機(jī)支撐系統(tǒng) ............................................................................255 11.4　安裝在任何地方 ...................................................................................260 11.5　你拍故你在 ..........................................................................................260 第十二章　聆聽(tīng)你的故事 ...................................................................263 12.1　沒(méi)有錄音師？ ......................................................................................264 12.2　錄音建議 ..............................................................................................264 12.3　差勁的連接= 差勁的聲音 ....................................................................265 12.4　平衡音頻 ..............................................................................................266 12.5　調(diào)音臺(tái) .................................................................................................267 12.6　設(shè)置音頻電平 ......................................................................................268 12.7　麥克風(fēng) .................................................................................................269 12.8　槍式麥克風(fēng)（指向式麥克風(fēng)） .............................................................269 12.9　無(wú)線連接 ..............................................................................................270 12.10　話(huà)筒挑桿 ............................................................................................271 12.11　音頻降噪 ............................................................................................272 12.12　雙系統(tǒng)錄音：有必要嗎？ ..................................................................272 12.13　環(huán)繞聲 ...............................................................................................273 12.14　有時(shí)候“湊合”也不錯(cuò) ......................................................................274 第十三章　順應(yīng)潮流 .........................................................................277 13.1　不再只有一種工作流程 ........................................................................278 13.2　MXF 的前景 .........................................................................................279 13.3　元數(shù)據(jù)之美 ..........................................................................................280 13.4　現(xiàn)在我們不必那么擔(dān)憂(yōu)了 ....................................................................281 13.5　SSD 的出現(xiàn) .........................................................................................282 13.6　代理視頻與iPhone ..............................................................................283 13.7　輸出你的故事 ......................................................................................284 13.8　DVD 的衰落 .........................................................................................285 13.9　關(guān)注圖像編碼 ......................................................................................286 13.10　編碼器的性格 ....................................................................................287 13.11　被詛咒的問(wèn)題場(chǎng)景 .............................................................................287 13.12　視頻降噪勢(shì)在必行 .............................................................................288 13.13　了解編碼模式 ....................................................................................289 13.14　BLU-RAY 藍(lán)光，還有誰(shuí)？ ................................................................289 13.15　來(lái)到云端 ............................................................................................290 13.16　歸檔的挑戰(zhàn) ........................................................................................291 后記　世上并沒(méi)有“一鍵優(yōu)化到最好”功能 .......................................... 293 1. 謹(jǐn)慎對(duì)待炒作 .............................................................................................294 2. 拒絕復(fù)雜 ....................................................................................................295 3. 觀影的未來(lái) .................................................................................................296 4. 變革已經(jīng)到來(lái) .............................................................................................296 5. 這是個(gè)弱肉強(qiáng)食的世界 ...............................................................................297